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In statistics, engineering, economics, and medical research, censoring is a condition in which the value of a measurement or observation is only partially known. For example, suppose a study is conducted to measure the impact of a drug on mortality rate. In such a study, it may be known that an individual's age at death is ''at least'' 75 years (but may be more). Such a situation could occur if the individual withdrew from the study at age 75, or if the individual is currently alive at the age of 75. Censoring also occurs when a value occurs outside the range of a measuring instrument. For example, a bathroom scale might only measure up to . If a individual is weighed using the scale, the observer would only know that the individual's weight is at least . The problem of censored data, in which the observed value of some variable is partially known, is related to the problem of missing data, where the observed value of some variable is unknown. Censoring should not be confused with the related idea truncation. With censoring, observations result either in knowing the exact value that applies, or in knowing that the value lies within an interval. With truncation, observations never result in values outside a given range: values in the population outside the range are never seen or never recorded if they are seen. Note that in statistics, truncation is not the same as rounding. ==Types == * ''Left censoring'' – a data point is below a certain value but it is unknown by how much. * ''Interval censoring'' – a data point is somewhere on an interval between two values. * ''Right censoring'' – a data point is above a certain value but it is unknown by how much. * ''Type I censoring'' occurs if an experiment has a set number of subjects or items and stops the experiment at a predetermined time, at which point any subjects remaining are right-censored. * ''Type II censoring'' occurs if an experiment has a set number of subjects or items and stops the experiment when a predetermined number are observed to have failed; the remaining subjects are then right-censored. * ''Random'' (or ''non-informative'') ''censoring'' is when each subject has a censoring time that is statistically independent of their failure time. The observed value is the minimum of the censoring and failure times; subjects whose failure time is greater than their censoring time are right-censored. Interval censoring can occur when observing a value requires follow-ups or inspections. Left and right censoring are special cases of interval censoring, with the beginning of the interval at zero or the end at infinity, respectively. Estimation methods for using left-censored data vary, and not all methods of estimation may be applicable to, or the most reliable, for all data sets.〔Helsel, D. ''Much ado about next to Nothing: Incorporating Nondetects in Science,'' Ann. Occup. Hyg., Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 257-262, 2010〕 A common misconception with time interval data is to class as ''left censored'' intervals where the start time is unknown. In these cases we have a ''lower bound'' on the time interval, thus the data is ''right censored'' (despite that fact that the missing start point is to the left of the known interval when viewed as a timeline!). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Censoring (statistics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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